87S10956 SCL-D

By: Cain H.B. No. 20

A BILL TO BE ENTITLED

AN ACT

relating to complaint procedures and disclosure requirements for and censorship of users' expressions by social media platforms.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:

SECTION 1. The legislature finds that:

(1) each person in this state has a fundamental interest in the free exchange of ideas and information, including the freedom of others to share and receive ideas and information;

(2) this state has a fundamental interest in protecting the free exchange of ideas and information in this state;

(3) social media platforms and interactive computer services function as common carriers, are affected with a public interest, are central public forums for public debate, and have enjoyed governmental support in the United States; and

(4) social media platforms and interactive computer services with the largest number of users are common carriers by virtue of their market dominance.

SECTION 2. Subtitle C, Title 5, Business & Commerce Code, is amended by adding Chapter 120 to read as follows:

CHAPTER 120. SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS

SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 120.001. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:

(1) "Social media platform" means an Internet website or application that is open to the public, allows a user to create an account, and enables users to communicate with other users for the primary purpose of posting information, comments, messages, or images. The term does not include:

(A) an Internet service provider as defined by Section 324.055;

(B) electronic mail; or

(C) an online service, application, or website:

(i) that consists primarily of news, sports, entertainment, or other information or content that is not user generated but is preselected by the provider; and

(ii) for which any chat, comments, or interactive functionality is incidental to, directly related to, or dependent on the provision of the content described by Subparagraph (i).

(2) "User" means a person who posts, uploads, transmits, shares, or otherwise publishes or receives content through a social media platform.

Sec. 120.002. APPLICABILITY OF CHAPTER. (a) This chapter applies only to a user who:

(1) resides in this state;

(2) does business in this state; or

(3) shares or receives content on a social media platform in this state.

(b) This chapter applies only to a social media platform that functionally has more than 50 million active users in the United States in a calendar month.

Sec. 120.003. CONSTRUCTION OF CHAPTER. This chapter may not be construed to limit or expand intellectual property law.

SUBCHAPTER B. DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS

Sec. 120.051. PUBLIC DISCLOSURES. (a) A social media platform shall, in accordance with this subchapter, publicly disclose accurate information regarding its content management, data management, and business practices, including specific information regarding the manner in which the social media platform:

(1) curates and targets content to users;

(2) places and promotes content, services, and products, including its own content, services, and products;

(3) moderates content;

(4) uses search, ranking, or other algorithms or procedures that determine results on the platform; and

(5) provides users' performance data on the use of the platform and its products and services.

(b) The disclosure required by Subsection (a) must be sufficient to enable users to make an informed choice regarding the purchase of or use of access to or services from the platform.

(c) A social media platform shall publish the disclosure required by Subsection (a) on an Internet website that is easily accessible by the public.

Sec. 120.052. ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY. (a) A social media platform shall publish an acceptable use policy in a location that is easily accessible to a user.

(b) A social media platform's acceptable use policy must:

(1) reasonably inform users about the types of content allowed on the social media platform;

(2) explain the steps the social media platform will take to ensure content complies with the policy;

(3) explain the means by which users can notify the social media platform of content that potentially violates the acceptable use policy, illegal content, or illegal activity, which includes:

(A) subject to Subsection (c), making available a live company representative to take user complaints through a toll-free telephone number that users may call during regular business hours;

(B) an e-mail address or relevant complaint intake mechanism to handle user complaints; and

(C) a complaint system described by Subchapter C; and

(4) include publication of a quarterly transparency report outlining actions taken to enforce the policy.

(c) The live company representative described by Subsection (b)(3)(A) must at a minimum be available eight hours a day, five days a week.

Sec. 120.053. QUARTERLY TRANSPARENCY REPORT. (a) As part of a social media platform's acceptable use policy under Section 120.052, the social media platform shall publish a quarterly transparency report that includes, with respect to the preceding three-month period:

(1) the total number of instances in which the social media platform was alerted to illegal content, illegal activity, or potentially policy-violating content by:

(A) a user complaint;

(B) an employee of or person contracting with the social media platform; or

(C) an internal automated detection tool;

(2) subject to Subsection (b), the number of instances in which the social media platform took action with respect to illegal content, illegal activity, or potentially policy-violating content known to the platform due to the nature of the content as illegal content, illegal activity, or potentially policy-violating content, including:

(A) content removal;

(B) content demonetization;

(C) content deprioritization;

(D) the addition of an assessment to content;

(E) account suspension;

(F) account removal; or

(G) any other action taken in accordance with the platform's acceptable use policy;

(3) the country of the user who provided the content for each instance described by Subdivision (2);

(4) the number of coordinated campaigns, if applicable;

(5) the number of instances in which a user appealed the decision to remove the user's potentially policy-violating content;

(6) the percentage of appeals described by Subdivision (5) that resulted in the restoration of content; and

(7) a description of each tool, practice, action, or technique used in enforcing the acceptable use policy.

(b) The information described by Subsection (a)(2) must be categorized by:

(1) the rule violated; and

(2) the source for the alert of illegal content, illegal activity, or potentially policy-violating content, including:

(A) a government;

(B) a user;

(C) an internal automated detection tool;

(D) coordination with other social media platforms; or

(E) persons employed by or contracting with the platform.

(c) A social media platform shall publish the information described by Subsection (a) with an open license, in a machine-readable and open format, and in a location that is easily accessible to users.

SUBCHAPTER C. COMPLAINT PROCEDURES

Sec. 120.101. COMPLAINT SYSTEM. A social media platform shall provide an easily accessible complaint system to enable a user to submit a complaint in good faith and track the status of the complaint, including a complaint regarding:

(1) illegal content or activity; or

(2) a decision made by the social media platform to remove content posted by the user.

Sec. 120.102. PROCESSING OF COMPLAINTS. A social media platform that receives notice of illegal content or illegal activity on the social media platform shall make a good faith effort to evaluate the legality of the content or activity within 24 hours of receiving the notice, subject to reasonable exceptions based on concerns about the legitimacy of the notice.

Sec. 120.103. REMOVAL OF CONTENT; EXCEPTIONS. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), if a social media platform removes content based on a violation of the platform's acceptable use policy under Section 120.052, the social media platform shall, concurrently with the removal:

(1) notify the user who provided the content of the removal and explain the reason the content was removed;

(2) allow the user to appeal the decision to remove the content to the platform; and

(3) provide written notice to the user who provided the content of:

(A) the determination regarding an appeal requested under Subdivision (2); and

(B) in the case of a reversal of the social media platform's decision to remove the content, the reason for the reversal.

(b) A social media platform is not required to provide a user with notice or an opportunity to appeal under Subsection (a) if the social media platform:

(1) is unable to contact the user after taking reasonable steps to make contact; or

(2) knows that the potentially policy-violating content relates to an ongoing law enforcement investigation.

Sec. 120.104. APPEAL PROCEDURES. If a social media platform receives a user complaint on the social media platform's removal from the platform of content provided by the user that the user believes was not potentially policy-violating content, the social media platform shall, not later than the 14th day after the date the platform receives the complaint:

(1) review the content;

(2) determine whether the content adheres to the platform's acceptable use policy;

(3) take appropriate steps based on the determination under Subdivision (2); and

(4) notify the user regarding the determination made under Subdivision (2) and the steps taken under Subdivision (3).

SUBCHAPTER D. ENFORCEMENT

Sec. 120.151. ACTION BY ATTORNEY GENERAL. (a) The attorney general may bring an action against a social media platform to enjoin a violation of this chapter.

(b) If an injunction is granted in an action brought under Subsection (a), the attorney general may recover costs incurred in bringing the action, including reasonable attorney's fees and reasonable investigative costs.

SECTION 3. Title 6, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, is amended by adding Chapter 143A to read as follows:

CHAPTER 143A. DISCOURSE ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS

Sec. 143A.001. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:

(1) "Censor" means any action taken to edit, alter, block, ban, delete, remove, deplatform, demonetize, de-boost, regulate, restrict, inhibit the publication or reproduction of, or deny equal access or visibility to expression, to suspend a right to post, remove, or post an addendum to any content or material posted by a user, or to otherwise discriminate against expression. The term includes an action taken to inhibit a social media platform or interactive computer service user's ability to be viewed by or interact with another user of the platform or service.

(2) "Expression" means any word, music, sound, still or moving image, number, or other perceivable communication.

(3) "Interactive computer service" means an information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer access by multiple users to a computer server. The term does not include an Internet service provider as defined by Section 324.055, Business & Commerce Code.

(4) "Receive," with respect to an expression, means to read, hear, look at, access, or gain access to the expression.

(5) "Social media platform" means an Internet search engine, Internet website, Internet system, access software provider, or application that is open to the public, allows a user of the platform to create an account, and enables a user to communicate with other users for the primary purpose of posting information, comments, messages, or images. The term does not include:

(A) an Internet service provider as defined by Section 324.055, Business & Commerce Code;

(B) electronic mail; or

(C) an online service or application or Internet website:

(i) that consists primarily of news, sports, entertainment, or other information or content that is not user generated but is preselected by the provider; and

(ii) for which any chat, comments, or interactive functionality is incidental to, directly related to, or dependent on the provision of the content described by Subparagraph (i).

(6) "Unlawful expression" means an expression that is unlawful under the United States Constitution, federal law, the Texas Constitution, or the laws of this state, including expression that constitutes a tort under the laws of this state or the United States.

(7) "User" means a person who posts, uploads, transmits, shares, or otherwise publishes or receives expression, through a social media platform or interactive computer service.

Sec. 143A.002. CENSORSHIP PROHIBITED. (a) A social media platform or interactive computer service may not censor a user, a user's expression, or a user's ability to receive the expression of another person based on:

(1) the viewpoint of the user or another person;

(2) the viewpoint represented in the user's expression or another person's expression; or

(3) a user's geographic location in this state or any part of this state.

(b) This section applies regardless of whether the viewpoint is expressed on a social media platform or interactive computer service or through any other medium.

Sec. 143A.003. WAIVER PROHIBITED. (a) A waiver or purported waiver of the protections provided by this chapter is void as unlawful and against public policy, and a court or arbitrator may not enforce or give effect to the waiver, including in an action brought under Section 143A.007, notwithstanding any contract or choice-of-law provision in a contract.

(b) The waiver prohibition described by Subsection (a) is a public-policy limitation on contractual and other waivers of the highest importance and interest to this state, and this state is exercising and enforcing this limitation to the full extent permitted by the United States Constitution and Texas Constitution.

Sec. 143A.004. APPLICABILITY OF CHAPTER. (a) This chapter applies only to a user who:

(1) resides in this state;

(2) does business in this state; or

(3) shares or receives expression in this state.

(b) This chapter applies only to expression that is shared or received in this state.

(c) This chapter applies only to a social media platform or interactive computer service that functionally has more than 50 million active users in the United States in a calendar month.

(d) This chapter applies to the maximum extent permitted by the United States Constitution and the laws of the United States but no further than the maximum extent permitted by the United States Constitution and the laws of the United States.

Sec. 143A.005. LIMITATION ON EFFECT OF CHAPTER. This chapter does not subject a social media platform or interactive computer service to damages or other legal remedies to the extent the social media platform or interactive computer service is protected from those remedies under federal law.

Sec. 143A.006. CONSTRUCTION OF CHAPTER. (a) This chapter does not prohibit a social media platform or interactive computer service from:

(1) censoring expression that the social media platform or interactive computer service is specifically authorized to censor by federal law; or

(2) censoring unlawful expression, including expression that unlawfully harasses individuals or unlawfully incites violence.

(b) This chapter may not be construed to prohibit or restrict a social media platform or interactive computer service from authorizing or facilitating a user's ability to censor specific expression on the user's platform or page at the request of that user.

(c) This chapter may not be construed to expand or limit intellectual property law.

Sec. 143A.007. USER REMEDIES. (a) A user may bring an action against a social media platform or interactive computer service that violates this chapter with respect to the user.

(b) If the user proves that the social media platform or interactive computer service violated this chapter with respect to the user, the user is entitled to recover:

(1) declaratory relief under Chapter 37, including costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees under Section 37.009; and

(2) injunctive relief.

(c) If a social media platform or interactive computer service fails to promptly comply with a court order in an action brought under this section, the court shall hold the social media platform or interactive computer service in contempt and shall use all lawful measures to secure immediate compliance with the order, including daily penalties sufficient to secure immediate compliance.

(d) A user may bring an action under this section regardless of whether another court has enjoined the attorney general from enforcing this chapter or declared any provision of this chapter unconstitutional unless that court decision is binding on the court in which the action is brought.

(e) Nonmutual issue preclusion and nonmutual claim preclusion are not defenses to an action brought under this section.

Sec. 143A.008. ACTION BY ATTORNEY GENERAL. (a) Any person may notify the attorney general of a violation or potential violation of this chapter by a social media platform or interactive computer service.

(b) The attorney general may bring an action to enjoin a violation or a potential violation of this chapter. If the injunction is granted, the attorney general may recover costs and reasonable attorney's fees incurred in bringing the action and reasonable investigative costs incurred in relation to the action.

Sec. 143A.009. SEVERABILITY. (a) Mindful of Leavitt v. Jane L., 518 U.S. 137 (1996), in which in the context of determining , 518 U.S. 137 (1996), in which in the context of determining the severability of a state statute the United States Supreme Court held that an explicit statement of legislative intent is controlling, it is the intent of the legislature that every provision, section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, or word in this chapter, and every application of the provisions in this chapter, is severable from each other.

(b) If any application of any provision in this chapter to any person, group of persons, or circumstances is found by a court to be invalid or unconstitutional, the remaining applications of that provision to all other persons and circumstances shall be severed and may not be affected. All constitutionally valid applications of this chapter shall be severed from any applications that a court finds to be invalid, leaving the valid applications in force, because it is the legislature's intent and priority that the valid applications be allowed to stand alone. Even if a reviewing court finds that a substantial amount of the provision's applications are unconstitutional, judged in relation to the provision's plainly legitimate sweep, the applications that do not violate the United States Constitution and Texas Constitution shall be severed from the remaining applications and shall remain in force, and the provision shall be interpreted, as a matter of state law, as if the provision contained explicit language limiting its application to the persons, group of persons, or circumstances for which the statute's application does not violate the United States Constitution and Texas Constitution.

(c) If any court declares or finds a provision of this chapter facially unconstitutional, when discrete applications of that provision can be enforced against a person, group of persons, or circumstances without violating the United States Constitution and Texas Constitution, those applications shall be severed from all remaining applications of the provision, and the provision shall be interpreted by every state and federal court, as a matter of state law, as if the provision contained explicit language limiting its application to the persons, group of persons, or circumstances for which the provision's application will not violate the United States Constitution and Texas Constitution.

(d) The legislature further declares that it would have enacted this chapter, and each constitutional provision, section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, or word, and all constitutional applications of this chapter, irrespective of the fact that any discrete provision, section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, or word, or applications of this chapter, were to be declared unconstitutional or severed from the remainder of the chapter's provisions and applications.

(e) If any provision of this chapter is found by any court to be unconstitutionally vague, the applications of that provision that do not present constitutional vagueness problems shall be severed and remain in force.

(f) No court may decline to enforce the severability requirements of Subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) on the ground that severance would rewrite the statute or involve the court in legislative or lawmaking activity. A court that declines to enforce or enjoins a state official from enforcing a statutory provision is never rewriting the statute, as the statute continues to contain the exact same words as it did before the court's decision. A judicial injunction or declaration of unconstitutionality:

(1) is nothing more than an edict prohibiting enforcement that may subsequently be vacated by a later court if that court has a different understanding of the requirements of the Texas Constitution or United States Constitution;

(2) is not a formal amendment of the language in a statute; and

(3) no more rewrites a statute than a decision by the executive not to enforce a duly enacted statute in a limited and defined set of circumstances.

SECTION 4. (a) Because this Act has been enacted amid uncertainty about the application of the United States Constitution and relevant federal statutes, every provision, section, subsection, sentence, or clause of this Act, and every application of the provisions of this Act to any person, group of persons, or circumstances, is severable from each other. If any application of any provision of this Act is found by a court to be unconstitutional or invalid, on any ground for any reason whatsoever, the remaining application of that provision to other persons and circumstances shall be severed and may not be affected. The legislature further declares that it would have passed this Act, each provision, section, subsection, sentence, or clause of this Act, and all constitutional applications of this Act regardless of the fact that any provision, section, subsection, sentence, or clause of this Act or applications of this Act were to be declared unconstitutional by any court.

(b) If any provision of this Act is found by any court to be unconstitutionally vague, the applications of that provision that do not present constitutional vagueness problems shall be severed and remain in force.

SECTION 5. (a) Chapter 143A, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, as added by this Act, applies only to an action taken on or after the effective date of this Act.

(b) A person who was a user, as defined by Section 143A.001, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, as added by this Act, before the effective date of this Act may bring an action under Section 143A.007, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, as added by this Act, to remedy censorship of the user's ability to publish or receive expression that occurred before the effective date of this Act if the censorship continues after this Act takes effect and violates Chapter 143A, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, as added by this Act.

SECTION 6. This Act takes effect on the 91st day after the last day of the legislative session.