By: Harris, Chris S.B. No. 424 73R4072 MJW-F A BILL TO BE ENTITLED 1-1 AN ACT 1-2 relating to spousal maintenance after the dissolution of certain 1-3 marriages or putative marriages. 1-4 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: 1-5 SECTION 1. (a) It is the intent of the legislature in this 1-6 Act to provide spousal maintenance primarily as a temporary 1-7 rehabilitative measure for a divorced spouse whose ability for 1-8 self-support is lacking or has deteriorated through the passage of 1-9 time while the spouse was engaged in homemaking activities and 1-10 whose capital assets are insufficient to provide support. 1-11 (b) It is the intent of the legislature in this Act that 1-12 spousal support should be terminated in the shortest reasonable 1-13 time, not to exceed three years, in which the former spouse is able 1-14 to be employed or to acquire the necessary skills to become 1-15 self-supporting. Only in circumstances in which the former spouse 1-16 cannot become self-supporting by reason of incapacitating physical 1-17 or mental disability should maintenance be extended beyond this 1-18 period. 1-19 SECTION 2. Chapter 3, Family Code, is amended by adding 1-20 Subchapter G to read as follows: 1-21 SUBCHAPTER G. MAINTENANCE 1-22 Sec. 3.9601. Definition. In this subchapter, "maintenance" 1-23 means an award in a divorce, annulment, or suit to declare a 1-24 marriage void of periodic payments from the future income of one 2-1 spouse for the support of the other spouse. 2-2 Sec. 3.9602. Eligibility for Maintenance. In a suit for 2-3 divorce or annulment or in a proceeding in a court with personal 2-4 jurisdiction over both former spouses following the dissolution of 2-5 their marriage by a court that lacked personal jurisdiction over an 2-6 absent spouse, the court may order maintenance for either spouse 2-7 only if: 2-8 (1) the duration of the marriage was 10 years or 2-9 longer; 2-10 (2) the spouse seeking maintenance lacks sufficient 2-11 property, including property distributed to the spouse under this 2-12 code, to provide for the spouse's minimum reasonable needs, as 2-13 limited by Section 3.9605 of this code; and 2-14 (3) the spouse seeking maintenance: 2-15 (A) is unable to support himself or herself 2-16 through appropriate employment because of an incapacitating 2-17 physical or mental disability; or 2-18 (B) clearly lacks earning ability in the labor 2-19 market adequate to provide support for the spouse's minimum 2-20 reasonable needs, as limited by Section 3.9605 of this code. 2-21 Sec. 3.9603. Factors to Determine Maintenance. A court that 2-22 determines that a spouse is eligible to receive maintenance under 2-23 Section 3.9602 of this code shall determine the nature, amount, 2-24 duration, and manner of periodic payments by considering all 2-25 relevant factors, including: 2-26 (1) the financial resources of the spouse seeking 2-27 maintenance, including the community and separate property and 3-1 liabilities apportioned to that spouse in the dissolution 3-2 proceeding, and that spouse's ability to meet his or her needs 3-3 independently; 3-4 (2) the education and employment skills of the spouses 3-5 and the time necessary to acquire sufficient education or training 3-6 to enable the spouse seeking maintenance to find appropriate 3-7 employment, the availability of that education or training, and the 3-8 feasibility of that education or training; 3-9 (3) the duration of the marriage; 3-10 (4) the age, employment history, earning ability, and 3-11 the physical and emotional condition of the spouse seeking 3-12 maintenance; 3-13 (5) the ability of the spouse from whom maintenance is 3-14 sought to meet that spouse's personal needs and to provide periodic 3-15 child support payments, if applicable, while meeting the personal 3-16 needs of the spouse seeking maintenance; 3-17 (6) acts by either spouse resulting in excessive or 3-18 abnormal expenditures or destruction, concealment, or fraudulent 3-19 disposition of community property, joint tenancy, or other property 3-20 held in common; 3-21 (7) the comparative financial resources of the 3-22 spouses, including medical, retirement, insurance, or other 3-23 benefits, and the separate property of each spouse; 3-24 (8) the contribution by one spouse to the education, 3-25 training, or increased earning power of the other spouse; 3-26 (9) the property brought to the marriage by either 3-27 spouse; 4-1 (10) the contribution of a spouse as homemaker; 4-2 (11) any marital misconduct of the spouse seeking 4-3 maintenance; and 4-4 (12) the efforts of the spouse seeking maintenance to 4-5 pursue available employment counseling as provided by Chapter 159, 4-6 Acts of the 65th Legislature, Regular Session, 1977 (Article 5221g, 4-7 Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes). 4-8 Sec. 3.9604. PRESUMPTION. (a) Except as provided by 4-9 Subsection (b) of this section, it is presumed that maintenance is 4-10 not warranted unless the spouse seeking maintenance has exercised 4-11 diligence in: 4-12 (1) seeking suitable employment; or 4-13 (2) developing the necessary skills to become 4-14 self-supporting during any period of separation and during the 4-15 pendency of the divorce suit. 4-16 (b) This section does not apply to a spouse who is not able 4-17 to satisfy the presumption in Subsection (a) of this section 4-18 because of an incapacitating physical or mental disability. 4-19 Sec. 3.9605. DURATION OF MAINTENANCE ORDER. (a) Except as 4-20 provided by Subsection (b) of this section, a court: 4-21 (1) may not enter a maintenance order that remains in 4-22 effect for more than three years after the date of the order; and 4-23 (2) shall limit the duration of a maintenance order to 4-24 the shortest reasonable period of time that allows the spouse 4-25 seeking maintenance to meet the spouse's minimum reasonable needs 4-26 by obtaining appropriate employment or developing an appropriate 4-27 skill, unless the ability of the spouse to provide for the spouse's 5-1 minimum reasonable needs through employment is substantially or 5-2 totally diminished because of: 5-3 (A) physical or mental disability; 5-4 (B) duties as the custodian of an infant or 5-5 young child; or 5-6 (C) another compelling impediment to gainful 5-7 employment. 5-8 (b) If a spouse seeking maintenance is unable to support 5-9 himself or herself through appropriate employment because of 5-10 incapacitating physical or mental disability, the court may order 5-11 maintenance for an indefinite period for as long as the disability 5-12 continues. The court may order periodic review of its order, on 5-13 the request of either party or on its own motion, to determine 5-14 whether the disability is continuing. The continuation of spousal 5-15 maintenance under these circumstances is subject to a motion to 5-16 modify as provided by Section 3.9608 of this code. 5-17 Sec. 3.9606. AMOUNT OF MAINTENANCE. (a) A court may not 5-18 enter a maintenance order that requires a spouse to pay more than 5-19 the lesser of: 5-20 (1) $1,500; or 5-21 (2) 20 percent of the spouse's average monthly gross 5-22 income. 5-23 (b) The court shall set the amount that a spouse is required 5-24 to pay in a maintenance order to provide for the minimum reasonable 5-25 needs of the spouse receiving the maintenance under the order, 5-26 considering any employment or property received in the divorce or 5-27 annulment or otherwise owned by the spouse receiving the 6-1 maintenance that contributes to the minimum reasonable needs of 6-2 that spouse. 6-3 Sec. 3.9607. TERMINATION. (a) The obligation to pay future 6-4 maintenance terminates on the death of either party or on the 6-5 remarriage of the party receiving maintenance. 6-6 (b) After a hearing, the court shall terminate the 6-7 maintenance order if the party receiving maintenance cohabits with 6-8 another person in a permanent place of abode on a continuing, 6-9 conjugal basis. 6-10 Sec. 3.9608. Modification of Maintenance Order. (a) The 6-11 amount of maintenance specified in a court order or the portion of 6-12 a decree that provides for the support of a former spouse may be 6-13 reduced by the filing of a motion in the court that originally 6-14 entered the order. A party affected by the order or the portion of 6-15 the decree to be modified may file the motion. 6-16 (b) Notice of a motion to modify maintenance and the 6-17 response, if any, are governed by the Texas Rules of Civil 6-18 Procedure applicable to the filing of an original lawsuit. Notice 6-19 must be given by service of citation, and a response must be in the 6-20 form of an answer due at or before 10 a.m. of the first Monday 6-21 after 20 days after the date of service. A court shall set a 6-22 hearing on the motion as provided by Rule 245, Texas Rules of Civil 6-23 Procedure. 6-24 (c) After a hearing, the court may modify an original or 6-25 modified order or portion of a decree providing for maintenance on 6-26 a proper showing of a material and substantial change in 6-27 circumstances of either party. The court shall apply the 7-1 modification only to payments accruing after the filing of the 7-2 motion to modify. 7-3 (d) A loss of employment or circumstances that render a 7-4 former spouse unable to support himself or herself through 7-5 appropriate employment by reason of incapacitating physical or 7-6 mental disability that occurs after the divorce or annulment are 7-7 not grounds for the institution of spousal maintenance for the 7-8 benefit of the former spouse. 7-9 Sec. 3.9609. Enforcement of Maintenance Order. (a) The 7-10 court may enforce by contempt its maintenance order or an agreement 7-11 for the payment of maintenance voluntarily entered into between 7-12 the parties and approved by the court. 7-13 (b) On the motion of a party entitled to receive maintenance 7-14 payments, the court may render judgment against a defaulting party 7-15 for an amount unpaid and owing after notice by service of citation, 7-16 answer, if any, and a hearing finding that the defaulting party has 7-17 failed or refused to carry out the terms of the order. The 7-18 judgment may be enforced by any means available for the enforcement 7-19 of judgments for debts. 7-20 (c) It is an affirmative defense to an allegation of 7-21 contempt of court or of the violation of a condition of probation 7-22 requiring payment of court-ordered maintenance that the obligor: 7-23 (1) lacked the ability to provide maintenance in the 7-24 amount ordered; 7-25 (2) lacked property that could be sold, mortgaged, or 7-26 otherwise pledged to raise the funds needed; 7-27 (3) attempted unsuccessfully to borrow the needed 8-1 funds; and 8-2 (4) did not know of a source from which the money 8-3 could have been borrowed or otherwise legally obtained. 8-4 (d) The issue of the existence of an affirmative defense 8-5 does not arise unless evidence is admitted supporting the defense. 8-6 If the issue of the existence of an affirmative defense arises, an 8-7 obligor must prove the affirmative defense by a preponderance of 8-8 the evidence. 8-9 Sec. 3.9610. Putative Spouse. In a suit to declare a 8-10 marriage void, a putative spouse who did not have knowledge of an 8-11 existing impediment to a valid marriage may be awarded maintenance 8-12 if otherwise qualified to receive maintenance under this 8-13 subchapter. 8-14 Sec. 3.9611. Unmarried Cohabitants. An order for 8-15 maintenance is not authorized between unmarried cohabitants under 8-16 any circumstances. 8-17 SECTION 3. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b) of this 8-18 section, this Act takes effect September 1, 1993, and applies only 8-19 to an action filed on or after that date. 8-20 (b) This Act does not apply to an action filed on or before 8-21 January 1, 1995, if a prior suit for dissolution of a marriage 8-22 between the parties was nonsuited by the spouse seeking maintenance 8-23 on or after January 1, 1993, and on or before August 31, 1993. 8-24 (c) An action to which this Act does not apply is governed 8-25 by the law in effect at the time the action was filed, and that law 8-26 is continued in effect only for this purpose. 8-27 SECTION 4. The importance of this legislation and the 9-1 crowded condition of the calendars in both houses create an 9-2 emergency and an imperative public necessity that the 9-3 constitutional rule requiring bills to be read on three several 9-4 days in each house be suspended, and this rule is hereby suspended.