By: Ellis, Duncan, Hinojosa S.B. No. 966

A BILL TO BE ENTITLED

AN ACT

relating to a qualified privilege of a journalist not to testify.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:

SECTION 1. Chapter 22, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, is amended by adding Subchapter C to read as follows: SUBCHAPTER C. JOURNALIST'S QUALIFIED TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE

Sec. 22.021. DEFINITIONS. In this subchapter:

(1) "Communication service provider" means a person or the parent, subsidiary, division, or affiliate of a person who transmits information chosen by a customer by electronic means, including:

(A) a telecommunications carrier, as defined by Section 3, Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. Section 153);

(B) a provider of information service, as defined by Section 3, Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. Section 153);

(C) a provider of interactive computer service, as defined by Section 230, Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. Section 230); and

(D) an information content provider, as defined by Section 230, Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. Section 230).

(2) "Journalist" means a person, including a parent, subsidiary, division, or affiliate of a person, that for a substantial portion of the person's livelihood or for substantial financial gain, gathers, compiles, prepares, collects, photographs, records, writes, edits, reports, investigates, processes, or publishes news or information that is disseminated by a news medium or communication service provider and includes:

(A) a person who supervises or assists in gathering, preparing, and disseminating the news or information; or

(B) notwithstanding the foregoing, a person who is or was a journalist, scholar, or researcher employed by an institution of higher education at the time the person obtained or prepared the requested information; or a person who at the time the person obtained or prepared the requested information:

(i) is earning a significant portion of the person's livelihood by obtaining or preparing information for dissemination by a news medium or communication service provider; or

(ii) was serving as an agent, assistant, employee, or supervisor of a news medium or communication service provider.

(3) "News medium" means a newspaper, magazine or periodical, book publisher, news agency, wire service, radio or television station or network, cable, satellite, or other transmission system or carrier or channel, or a channel or programming service for a station, network, system, or carrier, or an audio or audiovisual production company or Internet company or provider, or the parent, subsidiary, division, or affiliate of that entity, that disseminates news or information to the public by any means, including:

(A) print;

(B) television;

(C) radio;

(D) photographic;

(E) mechanical;

(F) electronic; and

(G) other means, known or unknown, that are accessible to the public.

(4) "Official proceeding" means any type of administrative, executive, legislative, or judicial proceeding that may be conducted before a public servant.

(5) "Public servant" means a person elected, selected, appointed, employed, or otherwise designated as one of the following, even if the person has not yet qualified for office or assumed the person's duties:

(A) an officer, employee, or agent of government;

(B) a juror or grand juror;

(C) an arbitrator, referee, or other person who is authorized by law or private written agreement to hear or determine a cause or controversy;

(D) an attorney or notary public when participating in the performance of a governmental function; or

(E) a person who is performing a governmental function under a claim of right, although the person is not legally qualified to do so.

(6) "Violent offense" has the meaning assigned by Article 17.032(a), Code of Criminal Procedure, and also includes those crimes found in Sections 22.07, 43.25, 43.26(e), and 71.022, Penal Code.

Sec. 22.022. PURPOSE. The purpose of this subchapter is to increase the free flow of information and preserve a free and active press and, at the same time, protect the right of the public to effective law enforcement and the fair administration of justice.

Sec. 22.023. PRIVILEGE. (a) Except as otherwise provided by this subchapter, a judicial, legislative, administrative, or other body with the authority to issue a subpoena or other compulsory process may not compel a journalist to testify, produce, or disclose in an official proceeding:

(1) any confidential or nonconfidential information, document, or item obtained or prepared while acting as a journalist; or

(2) the source of any information, document, or item described by Subdivision (1).

(b) A subpoena or other compulsory process may not compel the parent, subsidiary, division, or affiliate of a communication service provider or news medium to disclose the information, documents, or items or the source of any information, documents, or items that are privileged from disclosure under Subsection (a).

Sec. 22.024. LIMITED DISCLOSURE: DISCLOSURE OTHER THAN IN CERTAIN CRIMINAL CIRCUMSTANCES. After notice and an opportunity to be heard, a court may compel a journalist, a journalist's employer, or a person with an independent contract with a journalist to testify, produce, or disclose any information, document, or item or the source of any information, document, or item obtained while acting as a journalist, other than as described by Section 22.025, if the person seeking the information, document, or item or the source of any information, document, or item makes a clear and specific showing that:

(1) all reasonable efforts have been exhausted to obtain the information from an alternative source;

(2) the subpoena is not overbroad, unreasonable or oppressive and, where appropriate, will be limited to the verification of published information and the surrounding circumstances relating to the accuracy of the published information;

(3) reasonable and timely notice was given of the demand for the information, document, or item;

(4) in this instance, the interest of the party subpoenaing the information outweighs the public interest in gathering and dissemination of news, including the concerns of the journalist;

(5) the subpoena or compulsory process is not being used to obtain peripheral, nonessential, or speculative information; and

(6) the information, document, or item:

(A) is relevant and material to the proper administration of the official proceeding for which the testimony, production, or disclosure is sought and is essential to the maintenance of a claim or defense of the person seeking the testimony, production, or disclosure; or

(B) is central to the investigation or prosecution of a criminal case regarding the establishment of guilt or innocence and, based on an independent source, reasonable grounds exist to believe that a crime has occurred.

Sec. 22.025. LIMITED DISCLOSURE: DISCLOSURE IN CERTAIN CRIMINAL CIRCUMSTANCES. (a) A journalist may be compelled to testify, produce, or disclose any information, document, or item or the source of any information, document, or item obtained while acting as a journalist if the person seeking the testimony, production, or disclosure makes a clear and specific showing that the information, document, or item or the source of any information, document, or item:

(1) was obtained as the result of an eyewitness observation of criminal conduct by the journalist and a court determines by clear and specific evidence that the person requesting the testimony, production, or disclosure has exhausted reasonable efforts to obtain the information, document, or item from alternative sources;

(2) was obtained from any person who has confessed or admitted to the commission of a violent offense or to a crime against a child victim younger than 14 years of age at the time the offense was committed and a court determines by clear and specific evidence that the person requesting the testimony, production, or disclosure has exhausted reasonable efforts to obtain the information, document, or item from alternative sources;

(3) was obtained from any person for whom probable cause exists that the person has participated in a violent offense or in a crime against a child victim younger than 14 years of age at the time the offense was committed and a court determines by clear and specific evidence that the person requesting the testimony, production, or disclosure has exhausted reasonable efforts to obtain the information, document, or item from alternative sources; or

(4) is reasonably necessary to stop or prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm.

(b) If the alleged criminal conduct is the act of communicating, receiving, or possessing the information, document, or item and the information does not relate to conduct contained in Section 22.021(6), this section does not apply, and Section 22.024 governs the act.

Sec. 22.026. NOTICE. An order to compel testimony, production, or disclosure to which a journalist has asserted a privilege under this subchapter may be issued only after timely notice to the journalist, the journalist's employer, or a person who has an independent contract with a journalist and a hearing. The order must include clear and specific findings as to the showing made by the person seeking the testimony, production, or disclosure and the clear and specific evidence on which the court relied in issuing the court's order.

Sec. 22.027. PUBLICATION OF PRIVILEGED INFORMATION. Publication or dissemination by a news medium or communication service provider of information, documents, or items privileged under this subchapter is not a waiver of the journalist's privilege.

SECTION 2. Chapter 38, Code of Criminal Procedure, is amended by adding Article 38.11 to read as follows:

Art. 38.11. JOURNALIST'S TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE. Subchapter C, Chapter 22, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, applies to a criminal proceeding.

SECTION 3. This Act applies only to information, documents, or items or the source of any information, document, or item obtained or prepared for publication in a news medium or communication service provider on or after the effective date of this Act.

SECTION 4. This Act takes effect September 1, 2007.