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A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
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AN ACT
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relating to claims of patent infringement; providing civil |
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penalties; imposing fees. |
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BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: |
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SECTION 1. The heading to Title 99, Business & Commerce |
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Code, is amended to read as follows: |
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TITLE 99. MISCELLANEOUS [COMMERCIAL] PROVISIONS |
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SECTION 2. Title 99, Business & Commerce Code, is amended by |
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adding Chapter 2005 to read as follows: |
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CHAPTER 2005. CLAIMS OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT |
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SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS |
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Sec. 2005.001. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter: |
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(1) "Affiliate" means an entity that, directly or |
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indirectly, owns or controls, is owned or controlled by, or is under |
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common ownership or control with a registrant under Section |
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2005.101. |
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(2) "Control" means to exercise substantial influence |
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over the policies and actions of another. |
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(3) "Demand letter" means a letter, e-mail, or other |
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written communication, including a series of written |
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communications, that is sent to a target, a target's attorney or |
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other representative, or a target's customers and that claims that |
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the target has engaged in patent infringement. |
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(4) "Target" means a Texas resident: |
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(A) who has received a demand letter or against |
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whom an allegation of patent infringement has been made; |
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(B) who has been threatened with litigation or |
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against whom a lawsuit has been filed alleging patent infringement; |
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(C) whose attorney or other representative has |
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received a demand letter claiming that the person's product, |
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service, or technology has infringed a patent; or |
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(D) whose customers have received a demand letter |
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claiming that the person's product, service, or technology has |
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infringed a patent. |
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(5) "Texas resident" means a person who resides in |
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this state or is doing business in this state. |
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SUBCHAPTER B. BAD FAITH CLAIMS OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT |
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Sec. 2005.051. BAD FAITH CLAIMS OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT |
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PROHIBITED. (a) A person may not send a demand letter making, in |
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bad faith, a claim of patent infringement against a Texas resident, |
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and in connection with the claim: |
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(1) file a lawsuit alleging patent infringement; |
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(2) threaten to file a lawsuit if the alleged patent |
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infringement is not resolved; or |
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(3) make a demand for compensation or damages or |
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payment of a license fee based on the alleged patent infringement. |
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(b) For purposes of Subsection (a), a person makes a claim |
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of patent infringement in bad faith if: |
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(1) the claim is objectively baseless, meaning that no |
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reasonable litigant could reasonably expect success on the merits; |
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and |
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(2) the person making the claim knows or should have |
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known that the claim is objectively baseless. |
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(c) A claim of patent infringement is presumed to have been |
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made in good faith if the claim: |
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(1) is made by a person who holds a certificate of |
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authority issued under Section 2005.151; or |
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(2) is a claim for relief arising under 35 U.S.C. |
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Section 271(e)(2) or 42 U.S.C. Section 262. |
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(d) This section does not apply to a communication between |
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parties to the same federal lawsuit. |
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Sec. 2005.052. ENFORCEMENT BY ATTORNEY GENERAL; INJUNCTION |
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AND CIVIL PENALTY. (a) If the attorney general believes that a |
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person has violated Section 2005.051, the attorney general may |
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bring an action on behalf of the state to enjoin the person from any |
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conduct constituting a continuing violation of that section with |
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respect to a demand letter already sent or future conduct that would |
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violate that section. |
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(b) In addition to seeking an injunction under Subsection |
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(a), the attorney general may request and the court may order any |
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other relief that may be in the public interest, including: |
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(1) the imposition of a civil penalty in an amount not |
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to exceed $50,000 for each violation of Section 2005.051, except as |
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provided by Subsection (c); |
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(2) an order requiring reimbursement to this state for |
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the reasonable value of investigating and prosecuting a violation |
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of Section 2005.051; and |
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(3) an order requiring reimbursement of a target for |
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legal, professional, and technical expenses related to evaluating |
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or preparing to defend against the claim. |
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(c) If the trier of fact finds that the person described by |
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Subsection (a) falsely claimed to a target or a target's attorney or |
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other representative that the person received a certificate of |
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authority under Section 2005.151, the court may increase the amount |
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of the civil penalty to an amount not to exceed $150,000 for each |
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violation of Section 2005.051. |
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(d) If the amount of money recovered after final judgment is |
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insufficient to satisfy the civil penalty, the state's |
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investigation and prosecution costs, and the target's or targets' |
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evaluation and preparation costs, the money must be paid toward |
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each on a pro rata basis. |
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Sec. 2005.053. COMPLAINTS. (a) A target or a target's |
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attorney or other representative who receives a demand letter from |
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a person located anywhere in the United States and who believes that |
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the person violated Section 2005.051 in connection with the letter |
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may file a written complaint with the attorney general. |
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(b) A target whose customers receive a demand letter from a |
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person located anywhere in the United States may also file a |
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complaint with the attorney general if the target believes that the |
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sender of the demand letter violated Section 2005.051 in connection |
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with the letter. |
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(c) A complaint filed with the attorney general under this |
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section must include a copy of the demand letter. |
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Sec. 2005.054. NO PRIVATE CAUSE OF ACTION. This subchapter |
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does not create a private cause of action for a violation of Section |
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2005.051. |
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Sec. 2005.055. CONSTRUCTION OF SUBCHAPTER; EFFECT ON |
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ATTORNEY GENERAL AUTHORITY. This subchapter may not be construed |
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to limit rights and remedies available to the state or to any person |
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under any other law and may not alter or restrict the attorney |
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general's authority under law with regard to conduct involving |
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assertions of patent infringement. |
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SUBCHAPTER C. REGISTRATION AND DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS; DATABASES |
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Sec. 2005.101. REGISTRATION AND DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENT FOR |
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CERTAIN PATENT INFRINGEMENT CLAIMS; DATABASE. (a) A person who |
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sends 10 or more demand letters per calendar year from anywhere in |
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the United States and who has an ownership interest in a patent |
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associated with the demand letters or a person on whose behalf the |
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letters are sent from anywhere in the United States and who has an |
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ownership interest in a patent associated with the demand letters |
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shall, not later than the 30th day after the date the 10th demand |
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letter is sent: |
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(1) register with the secretary of state; |
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(2) provide the information required under Subsection |
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(b); and |
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(3) pay a registration fee in the amount established |
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under Section 2005.104. |
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(b) The secretary of state shall establish and maintain a |
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database of persons required to register under Subsection (a). The |
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database must include: |
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(1) a summary of information from each demand letter |
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sent to a Texas resident by or on behalf of the registrant during |
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the two-year period preceding the date the 10th demand letter was |
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sent, including the name of the sender, the date of the letter, the |
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person to whom the letter was sent, the patent number associated |
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with the letter, and any other information the secretary of state |
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considers relevant; |
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(2) in the case of a registrant who is a business |
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entity: |
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(A) the names and addresses of the registrant's |
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top five executive officers, if applicable; |
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(B) the name and address of each individual who |
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has an ownership interest in the registrant of more than five |
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percent; and |
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(C) the name and address of each affiliate of the |
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registrant; and |
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(3) the name and address of each person who has made an |
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investment in or a loan to the registrant in an amount of $1 million |
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or more during the 12-month period preceding the date the 10th |
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demand letter was sent by or on behalf of the registrant. |
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(c) This section does not apply to: |
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(1) a demand letter sent by or on behalf of a person |
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who holds a certificate of authority issued under Section 2005.151; |
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or |
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(2) a demand letter that includes a claim for relief |
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arising under 35 U.S.C. Section 271(e)(2) or 42 U.S.C. Section 262. |
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Sec. 2005.102. DEMAND LETTER DATABASE; NOTIFICATION. (a) A |
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target or a target's attorney or other representative who receives |
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a demand letter sent from anywhere in the United States may notify |
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the secretary of state of the person's receipt of the demand letter |
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and provide the secretary of state with a copy of the letter and, if |
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not contained in the letter: |
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(1) the target's name and address; |
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(2) the name and address of the person who claims to |
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own or claims to have a right to license the patent that the letter |
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claims the target has infringed; and |
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(3) the patent number of each patent that the person |
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sending the demand letter claims the target has infringed. |
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(b) The secretary of state shall establish and maintain a |
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database of demand letters and other information about which the |
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secretary of state has received notification under Subsection (a). |
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The database must include: |
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(1) the names and addresses of the persons described |
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by Subsection (a)(2) and targets against whom an allegation of |
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patent infringement has been made; and |
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(2) the patent number of each patent that the targets |
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have allegedly infringed. |
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(c) The secretary of state shall notify the sender of a |
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demand letter of the registration requirements of Section 2005.101 |
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if the secretary of state has reason to believe the sender or other |
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person on whose behalf the letter was sent is required to but has |
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failed to register under that section. The secretary of state must |
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send the notification at least 30 days before the date the attorney |
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general brings an action under Section 2005.105. |
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Sec. 2005.103. LIMITED ACCESS TO DATABASES; |
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CONFIDENTIALITY. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b) or (c), |
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information contained in the databases established under Sections |
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2005.101 and 2005.102 is confidential and not subject to disclosure |
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under Chapter 552, Government Code. |
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(b) The secretary of state shall establish a procedure to |
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allow only the following persons to have online access to |
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information contained in the databases established under Sections |
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2005.101 and 2005.102: |
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(1) a target or a target's attorney or other |
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representative who provides a demand letter under Section 2005.102 |
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that includes a patent number and evidence of a demand for |
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compensation or damages or payment of a license fee based on the |
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alleged patent infringement; and |
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(2) a person who holds a certificate of authority |
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under Section 2005.151. |
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(c) Information in the databases may be disclosed to a court |
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or to the attorney general to take enforcement action with respect |
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to a violation of Section 2005.051 or 2005.101. |
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Sec. 2005.104. FEES. To cover the costs of administering |
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this subchapter, the secretary of state by rule shall establish: |
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(1) a registration fee to be paid by persons required |
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to register under Section 2005.101; and |
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(2) a database access fee to be charged to a person |
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permitted by Section 2005.103(b) to access the databases |
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established under Sections 2005.101 and 2005.102. |
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Sec. 2005.105. CIVIL PENALTY. (a) Except as provided by |
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Subsection (b), a person who violates Section 2005.101(a) and does |
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not come into compliance with that section on or before the 30th day |
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after the date the secretary of state sends notice of the |
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registration requirements of that section as required by Section |
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2005.102(c) is liable to the state for a civil penalty in an amount |
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not to exceed $10,000 for each day the violation continues. |
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(b) If the trier of fact finds that the person described by |
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Subsection (a) falsely claimed to a target or a target's attorney or |
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other representative that the person received a certificate of |
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authority under Section 2005.151, the court may increase the amount |
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of the civil penalty to an amount not to exceed $30,000 for each day |
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the violation of Section 2005.101(a) continues. |
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(c) The attorney general may bring suit to recover the civil |
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penalty imposed under this section. For purposes of the notice |
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requirement under Section 2005.102(c), the attorney general shall |
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notify the secretary of state before bringing a suit under this |
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section and allow time for that notice to be timely made. |
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(d) The attorney general may recover reasonable expenses |
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incurred in recovering the civil penalty, including court costs and |
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reasonable attorney's fees. |
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Sec. 2005.106. RULES. The secretary of state may establish |
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procedures and shall adopt rules to implement this subchapter. |
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SUBCHAPTER D. CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORITY |
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Sec. 2005.151. CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORITY FOR CERTAIN |
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BUSINESSES. (a) A person may apply to the attorney general for a |
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certificate of authority for purposes of establishing a presumption |
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under Section 2005.051(c)(1) or asserting an exemption under |
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Section 2005.101(c)(1). |
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(b) Subject to Subsection (c), the attorney general by rule |
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shall adopt eligibility criteria for the issuance by the attorney |
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general of a certificate of authority under this section. |
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(c) The attorney general shall issue a certificate of |
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authority to an applicant who: |
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(1) owns at least 1,000 patents; |
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(2) generates $5 billion or more in annual sales; and |
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(3) employs at least 5,000 persons. |
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(d) The attorney general by rule shall establish a procedure |
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by which a person may apply for and receive a certificate of |
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authority under this section. |
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(e) The attorney general may charge an application fee to |
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recover the costs of administering this section. |
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(f) A person denied a certificate of authority under this |
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section may appeal that determination to a district court. |
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SECTION 3. (a) Not later than January 1, 2016, the secretary |
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of state shall establish the databases required by Sections |
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2005.101 and 2005.102, Business & Commerce Code, as added by this |
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Act. |
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(b) Not later than January 1, 2016, the secretary of state |
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shall adopt the rules necessary to implement Subchapter C, Chapter |
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2005, Business & Commerce Code, as added by this Act. |
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(c) Notwithstanding Section 2005.101, Business & Commerce |
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Code, as added by this Act, a person is not required to register |
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under that section before January 1, 2016. |
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SECTION 4. Not later than October 1, 2015, the attorney |
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general shall adopt the rules necessary to implement Section |
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2005.151, Business & Commerce Code, as added by this Act. |
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SECTION 5. This Act takes effect September 1, 2015. |