86R12560 JCG-F
 
  By: Sherman, Sr. H.B. No. 3914
 
 
 
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
 
AN ACT
  relating to warrants and orders issued for the use of tracking
  equipment and access to electronic communications to further a
  criminal investigation.
         BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:
         SECTION 1.  Article 18.02(a), Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended to read as follows:
         (a)  A search warrant may be issued to search for and seize:
               (1)  property acquired by theft or in any other manner
  which makes its acquisition a penal offense;
               (2)  property specially designed, made, or adapted for
  or commonly used in the commission of an offense;
               (3)  arms and munitions kept or prepared for the
  purposes of insurrection or riot;
               (4)  weapons prohibited by the Penal Code;
               (5)  gambling devices or equipment, altered gambling
  equipment, or gambling paraphernalia;
               (6)  obscene materials kept or prepared for commercial
  distribution or exhibition, subject to the additional rules set
  forth by law;
               (7)  a drug, controlled substance, immediate
  precursor, chemical precursor, or other controlled substance
  property, including an apparatus or paraphernalia kept, prepared,
  or manufactured in violation of the laws of this state;
               (8)  any property the possession of which is prohibited
  by law;
               (9)  implements or instruments used in the commission
  of a crime;
               (10)  property or items, except the personal writings
  by the accused, constituting evidence of an offense or constituting
  evidence tending to show that a particular person committed an
  offense;
               (11)  persons;
               (12)  contraband subject to forfeiture under Chapter 59
  [of this code];
               (13)  electronic customer data held in electronic
  storage, including:
                     (A)  the contents of and records and other
  information related to a wire communication or electronic
  communication held in electronic storage; and
                     (B)  location information; or
               (14)  a cellular telephone or other wireless
  communications device, subject to Article 18.0215.
         SECTION 2.  Article 18.02(b)(2), Code of Criminal Procedure,
  is amended to read as follows:
               (2)  "Electronic customer data," [data" and]
  "electronic storage," and "location information" [storage"] have
  the meanings assigned by Article 18B.001.
         SECTION 3.  Article 18B.001, Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended by amending Subdivisions (1), (4), and (7) and adding
  Subdivision (9-a) to read as follows:
               (1)  "Authorized peace officer" means:
                     (A)  a sheriff or deputy sheriff;
                     (B)  a constable or deputy constable;
                     (C)  a marshal or police officer of a
  municipality;
                     (D)  a ranger or officer commissioned by the
  Public Safety Commission or the director of the department;
                     (E)  an investigator of a prosecutor's office;
                     (F)  a law enforcement agent of the Texas
  Alcoholic Beverage Commission;
                     (G)  a law enforcement officer commissioned by the
  Parks and Wildlife Commission;
                     (H)  an enforcement officer appointed by the
  inspector general of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice under
  Section 493.019, Government Code;
                     (I)  an investigator commissioned by the attorney
  general under Section 402.009, Government Code; [or]
                     (J)  a member of an arson investigating unit
  commissioned by a municipality, a county, or the state;
                     (K)  a criminal investigator of the United States
  as described by Article 2.122(a); or
                     (L)  a peace officer appointed by a federal agency
  listed in Article 2.122(a) as a criminal investigator of the
  agency.
               (4)  "Designated law enforcement office or agency"
  means:
                     (A)  the sheriff's department of a county with a
  population of 3.3 million or more;
                     (B)  a police department in a municipality with a
  population of 500,000 or more; [or]
                     (C)  the office of inspector general of the Texas
  Department of Criminal Justice;
                     (D)  the office of a prosecutor; or
                     (E)  a federal agency described by Article
  2.122(a) that has employed:
                           (i)  a criminal investigator; or
                           (ii)  a peace officer described by
  Subdivision (1)(L).
               (7)  Except as otherwise provided by this chapter,
  "electronic ["Electronic] customer data" means data or records
  that:
                     (A)  are in the possession, care, custody, or
  control of a provider of an electronic communications service or
  provider of a remote computing service; and
                     (B)  contain:
                           (i)  information revealing the identity of
  customers of the applicable service;
                           (ii)  information about a customer's use of
  the applicable service;
                           (iii)  information that identifies the
  recipient or destination of a wire or electronic communication sent
  to or by a customer;
                           (iv)  the content of a wire or electronic
  communication sent to or by a customer; [and]
                           (v)  any data stored with the applicable
  service provider by or on behalf of a customer; and
                           (vi)  location information.
               (9-a)  "Location information" means information that
  reveals the location of a wireless communications device obtained
  by any of the following methods:
                     (A)  using GPS location-based measurements,
  including the querying of the target device's GPS service and the
  returned coordinates;
                     (B)  comparing a record of the target device's IP
  address to a list of known IP addresses and approximate known
  locations;
                     (C)  querying the target device's operating
  system for the identity of nearby cellular towers and uploading the
  information to a server where the cellular tower identification may
  be compared to a list of known cellular tower locations;
                     (D)  querying the target device's operating
  system for the identifier (such as SSID or (B)SSID) associated with
  a nearby Wi-Fi access point and uploading that information to a
  server where the access point's identifier may be compared to a
  database or list of known identifiers of Wi-Fi access points in
  known locations;
                     (E)  using records derived from the device's
  connections to radio antennas through which a provider of an
  electronic communications service or provider of a remote computing
  service provides wireless service to that device;
                     (F)  using enhanced 9-1-1 location-based
  measurements; and
                     (G)  any combination of methods described in this
  subdivision or another similar method used to determine the
  location of a wireless communications device.
         SECTION 4.  Articles 18B.051(a), (c), and (d), Code of
  Criminal Procedure, are amended to read as follows:
         (a)  A prosecutor with jurisdiction in a county within a
  judicial district described by Article 18B.052 may file with a
  district judge in the judicial district an application for the
  installation and use of a pen register, ESN reader, trap and trace
  device, or similar equipment or the use of similar equipment that
  does not require installation [that combines the function of a pen
  register and a trap and trace device].
         (c)  A prosecutor must make an application personally and may
  not make the application through an assistant or other person
  acting on the prosecutor's behalf if the prosecutor:
               (1)  files an application on the prosecutor's own
  motion; or
               (2)  files an application for the use or installation
  and use, as applicable, of a pen register, ESN reader, or similar
  equipment on the request of an authorized peace officer not
  commissioned by the department, other than an authorized peace
  officer employed by a designated law enforcement office or agency.
         (d)  A prosecutor may make an application through an
  assistant or other person acting on the prosecutor's behalf if the
  prosecutor files an application for the use or installation and
  use, as applicable, of:
               (1)  a pen register, ESN reader, or similar equipment
  on the request of:
                     (A)  an authorized peace officer who is
  commissioned by the department; or
                     (B)  an authorized peace officer of a designated
  law enforcement office or agency; or
               (2)  a trap and trace device or similar equipment on the
  request of an authorized peace officer, regardless of whether the
  peace officer is commissioned by the department.
         SECTION 5.  Article 18B.053, Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended to read as follows:
         Art. 18B.053.  APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS. An application
  under this subchapter must:
               (1)  be made in writing under oath;
               (2)  include the name of the subscriber and the
  telephone number and location of the communication device on which
  the pen register, ESN reader, trap and trace device, or similar
  equipment will be used, to the extent that information is known or
  is reasonably ascertainable; [and]
               (3)  state that the use or installation and use, as
  applicable, of the device or equipment will likely produce
  information that is material to an ongoing criminal investigation;
  and
               (4)  state articulable facts sufficient to support a
  finding of probable cause to believe that the use or installation
  and use, as applicable, of the device or equipment will:
                     (A)  produce evidence of an offense in the
  criminal investigation; or
                     (B)  result in the apprehension of a fugitive from
  justice.
         SECTION 6.  Article 18B.101(a), Code of Criminal Procedure,
  is amended to read as follows:
         (a)  On presentation of an application under Subchapter B, a
  judge may order the use or installation and use, as applicable, of a
  pen register, ESN reader, or similar equipment by an authorized
  peace officer commissioned by the department or an authorized peace
  officer of a designated law enforcement office or agency.
         SECTION 7.  Article 18B.104(a), Code of Criminal Procedure,
  is amended to read as follows:
         (a)  An order for the use or installation and use of a device
  or equipment under this subchapter is valid for a period not to
  exceed 60 days after the earlier of the date the device or equipment
  is installed or used or the 10th day after the date the order is
  entered, unless the prosecutor applies for and obtains an extension
  of the order from the court before the order expires.
         SECTION 8.  Article 18B.105, Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended to read as follows:
         Art. 18B.105.  SEALING RECORDS OF APPLICATION AND ORDER. A
  district court shall seal an application and order granted under
  this chapter. The court may not unseal the application and order
  until after the order has expired.
         SECTION 9.  Article 18B.151(b), Code of Criminal Procedure,
  is amended to read as follows:
         (b)  An authorized peace officer employed by a designated law
  enforcement agency [A peace officer authorized to possess, install,
  operate, or monitor a device under Subchapter E, Chapter 18A,] may
  use or install and use, as applicable, a pen register, [or] trap and
  trace device, ESN reader, or other similar device if the peace
  officer has probable cause to believe [reasonably believes]:
               (1)  an immediate life-threatening situation exists
  that:
                     (A)  is within the territorial jurisdiction of the
  peace officer or another authorized peace officer the peace officer
  is assisting; and
                     (B)  requires the use or installation and use of a
  pen register, [or] trap and trace device, ESN reader, or other
  similar device before an order authorizing the installation and use
  can, with due diligence, be obtained under this chapter; and
               (2)  there are sufficient grounds under this chapter on
  which to obtain an order authorizing the use or installation and use
  of a pen register, [or] trap and trace device, ESN reader, or other
  similar device.
         SECTION 10.  Article 18B.152, Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended to read as follows:
         Art. 18B.152.  ORDER AUTHORIZING EMERGENCY INSTALLATION OR
  [AND] USE. (a) A peace officer who installs or uses a pen register,
  [or] trap and trace device, ESN reader, or other similar device
  under Article 18B.151 shall:
               (1)  promptly report the installation or use of the
  device to the prosecutor or an assistant of the prosecutor in the
  county in which the device is installed or used; and
               (2)  within 48 hours after the installation of the
  device is complete or the use of the device begins, whichever occurs
  first, obtain an order under Subchapter C authorizing the use or
  installation and use of the device.
         (b)  A judge may issue an order authorizing the use or
  installation and use of a device under this subchapter during the
  48-hour period prescribed by Subsection (a)(2). If an order is
  denied or is not issued within the 48-hour period, the peace officer
  shall terminate use of, and if necessary remove, the [pen register
  or trap and trace] device promptly on the earlier of the denial or
  the expiration of 48 hours.
         SECTION 11.  Article 18B.153, Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended to read as follows:
         Art. 18B.153.  ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED. The
  state may not use as evidence in a criminal proceeding any
  information gained through [the use of] a pen register, [or] trap
  and trace device, ESN reader, or other similar device installed or
  used under this subchapter if an authorized peace officer:
               (1)  does not apply for authorization for the [pen
  register or trap and trace] device; or
               (2)  applies for but does not obtain that
  authorization.
         SECTION 12.  Article 18B.202(c), Code of Criminal Procedure,
  is amended to read as follows:
         (c)  The affidavit must:
               (1)  state the name, department, agency, and address of
  the applicant;
               (2)  identify the vehicle, container, or item to which,
  in which, or on which the mobile tracking device is to be attached,
  placed, or otherwise installed;
               (3)  state the name of the owner or possessor of the
  vehicle, container, or item identified under Subdivision (2);
               (4)  state the judicial jurisdictional area in which
  the vehicle, container, or item identified under Subdivision (2) is
  expected to be found; and
               (5)  state the facts and circumstances that provide the
  applicant with probable cause [a reasonable suspicion] that:
                     (A)  criminal activity has been, is, or will be
  committed; and
                     (B)  the installation and use of a mobile tracking
  device is likely to produce information that is material to an
  ongoing criminal investigation of that criminal activity.
         SECTION 13.  Article 18B.253, Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended to read as follows:
         Art. 18B.253.  LIMITATION: PEN REGISTERS AND SIMILAR
  DEVICES. To prevent inclusion of the contents of a wire or
  electronic communication, a governmental agency authorized to use
  or install and use a pen register, trap and trace device, ESN
  reader, or similar device under this chapter or other law must, as
  applicable:
               (1)  use reasonably available technology to only record
  and decode electronic or other impulses used to identify the
  numbers dialed, routed, addressed, or otherwise processed or
  transmitted by the communication; or
               (2)  otherwise configure the device such that the
  device does not collect the content of a wire or electronic
  communication, and if necessary, immediately delete the content of
  a wire or electronic communication incidentally collected in using
  the device.
         SECTION 14.  Chapter 18B, Code of Criminal Procedure, is
  amended by adding Subchapter G-1 to read as follows:
  SUBCHAPTER G-1. CERTAIN ELECTRONIC CUSTOMER DATA
         Art. 18B.321.  DEFINITION. In this subchapter, "electronic
  customer data" means data or records, other than the content of a
  wire or electronic communication, that:
               (1)  are in the possession, care, custody, or control
  of a provider of an electronic communications service or provider
  of a remote computing service; and
               (2)  contain:
                     (A)  information revealing the identity of
  customers of the applicable service;
                     (B)  information about a customer's use of the
  applicable service;
                     (C)  information that identifies the recipient or
  destination of a wire or electronic communication sent to or by a
  customer; and
                     (D)  location information.
         Art. 18B.322.  PROSPECTIVE SURVEILLANCE; APPLICABILITY OF
  OTHER PROVISIONS. (a) With respect to location information, this
  subchapter applies only to a warrant described by Article 18B.323
  for the required disclosure of location information that is created
  after the issuance of the warrant.
         (b)  Article 18B.104 applies to the duration of a warrant
  issued under this subchapter in the same manner as that article
  applies to an order issued under Subchapter C.
         (c)  Articles 18B.355, 18B.356, and 18B.357 apply to a
  warrant required under this subchapter to obtain electronic
  customer data.
         Art. 18B.323.  REQUIREMENTS REGARDING REQUEST FOR AND FILING
  OF APPLICATION. (a) To require a provider of an electronic
  communications service or a provider of a remote computing service
  to disclose electronic customer data held in electronic storage,
  only a prosecutor with jurisdiction in a county within a judicial
  district described by Article 18B.052(3) or (4) may file with a
  district judge in the judicial district an application for a
  warrant under this subchapter.
         (b)  A prosecutor may file an application under this
  subchapter or under federal law on:
               (1)  the prosecutor's own motion; or
               (2)  the request of an authorized peace officer,
  regardless of whether the peace officer is commissioned by the
  department.
         (c)  A prosecutor must make an application under this
  subchapter personally and may not make the application through an
  assistant or other person acting on the prosecutor's behalf if the
  prosecutor:
               (1)  files an application on the prosecutor's own
  motion; or
               (2)  files an application on the request of an
  authorized peace officer not commissioned by the department, other
  than an authorized peace officer employed by a designated law
  enforcement office or agency.
         (d)  A prosecutor may make an application under this
  subchapter through an assistant or other person acting on the
  prosecutor's behalf if the prosecutor files the application on the
  request of:
               (1)  an authorized peace officer who is commissioned by
  the department; or
               (2)  an authorized peace officer of a designated law
  enforcement office or agency.
         Art. 18B.324.  APPLICATION AND ISSUANCE OF WARRANT. (a) On
  the filing of an application under this subchapter, a district
  judge may issue a search warrant under this article for electronic
  customer data held in electronic storage by a provider of an
  electronic communications service or a provider of a remote
  computing service described by Article 18B.355(b), regardless of
  whether the customer data is held at a location in this state or
  another state. An application made under this subsection must
  demonstrate probable cause for the issuance of the warrant and must
  be supported by the oath of the applicant.
         (b)  A search warrant may not be issued under this article
  unless the sworn affidavit required by Article 18.01(b) provides
  sufficient and substantial facts to establish probable cause that:
               (1)  the disclosure of the electronic customer data
  sought will:
                     (A)  produce evidence of an offense under
  investigation; or
                     (B)  result in the apprehension of a fugitive from
  justice; and
               (2)  the electronic customer data sought is held in
  electronic storage by the service provider on which the warrant is
  served under Article 18B.355(c).
         (c)  Only the electronic customer data described in the sworn
  affidavit required by Article 18.01(b) may be seized under the
  warrant.
         (d)  A warrant issued under this article shall run in the
  name of "The State of Texas."
         (e)  A district court shall seal an affidavit and warrant
  granted under this subchapter and may not unseal the affidavit and
  warrant until after the order expires.
         SECTION 15.  Article 18B.352(a), Code of Criminal Procedure,
  is amended to read as follows:
         (a)  A court shall issue an order authorizing disclosure of
  contents, records, or other information, other than location
  information, of a wire or electronic communication held in
  electronic storage if the court determines that there is a
  reasonable belief based on specific articulable facts that:
               (1)  the information sought is relevant to a legitimate
  law enforcement inquiry; and
               (2)  the information:
                     (A)  reveals the identity of customers of the
  applicable service; or
                     (B)  is about a customer's use of the applicable
  service.
         SECTION 16.  Articles 18B.355(b) and (c), Code of Criminal
  Procedure, are amended to read as follows:
         (b)  An order issued under Article 18B.352 or a [A] warrant
  issued under Article 18B.354 may be served only on a provider of an
  electronic communications service or a provider of a remote
  computing service that is a domestic entity or a company or entity
  otherwise doing business in this state under a contract or a terms
  of service agreement with a resident of this state, if any part of
  that contract or agreement is to be performed in this state.
         (c)  An order issued under Article 18B.352 or a [A] search
  warrant issued under Article 18B.354 is served when an authorized
  peace officer delivers the warrant by hand, by facsimile or other
  electronic transmission, or, in a manner allowing proof of
  delivery, by means of the United States mail or a private delivery
  service to:
               (1)  a person specified by Section 5.255, Business
  Organizations Code;
               (2)  the secretary of state in the case of a company or
  entity to which Section 5.251, Business Organizations Code,
  applies; or
               (3)  any other person or entity designated to receive
  the service of process.
         SECTION 17.  Article 18B.501(a), Code of Criminal Procedure,
  is amended to read as follows:
         (a)  An authorized peace officer seeking electronic customer
  data under Article 18B.351 or other customer information under this
  chapter may apply to the court for an order commanding the service
  provider to whom a warrant, subpoena, or court order is directed not
  to disclose to any person the existence of the warrant, subpoena, or
  court order. The order is effective for the period the court
  considers appropriate.
         SECTION 18.  The changes in law made by this Act by amending
  Article 18.02 and Chapter 18B, Code of Criminal Procedure, apply
  only to a warrant or other court order issued on or after the
  effective date of this Act. A warrant or order issued before the
  effective date of this Act is governed by the law in effect on the
  date the warrant or order was issued, and the former law is
  continued in effect for that purpose.
         SECTION 19.  This Act takes effect January 1, 2020.